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An exponential two-way deterministic state lower bound for one-way liveness

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OpenAI Mathopenai-math/An-exponential-two-way-deterministic-state-lower-bound-for-one-way-livenessSep 25, 2026cs.CCAI-generatedscore 0

One-way liveness on h points accepts a word of binary relations when their ordered product is nonempty. For every h ≥ 2, it has a nondeterministic automaton with $h+3$ states and no left moves, whereas every equivalent s -state two-way deterministic automaton satisfies $4(s+2)^2\ge2^{\lfloor(h-2)/31\rfloor}$. Partial transition rules, stay moves, and nonaccepting infinite computations are allowed. The alphabets are finite and grow with h , so the result rules out an alphabet-independent polynomial state bound for deterministic two-way simulation, already for one-way nondeterministic…

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