Uniform excess charge for Coulomb molecules and the outer radius of neutral atoms
We prove that a molecule with M fixed nuclei of real charges at least one and total nuclear charge Z strictly binds at most $Z+CM$ electrons, where C is universal. The result holds for the full nonrelativistic Coulomb Hamiltonian with two spin states and arbitrary distinct nuclear positions. For neutral atoms with integer nuclear charge Z ≥ 1, the first ionization energy and, for every ground state, the radius outside which one half of an electron remains are each bounded above and below by positive universal constants.
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