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A proof of Nivat's conjecture

Boon Suan Ho

Palomar Registrypalomar/PALOMAR-2026-09-14-000003Sep 14, 2026math.DSscore 0

A Lean+mathlib proof of Nivat's conjecture: Given a finite alphabet A, we consider configurations c: Z^2 -> A, which are arbitrary maps that can be thought of as colorings of the 2D lattice. Writing P_c(m, n) for the number of distinct m-by-n block patterns occurring in a configuration c, Nivat conjectured that if P_c(m, n) <= mn for some positive m and n, then c is periodic; that is, there exists nonzero h such that c(v+h) = c(v) for all v. The proof is due to GPT-6 Pro.

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